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<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Immuncheckpoint</span></h1>
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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content mw-content-ltr" lang="de" dir="ltr"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="de" dir="ltr"><p><b>Immuncheckpoints</b> oder <b>Immun-Checkpoints</b> (<b>IC</b>) sind <a href="Rezeptor_(Biochemie)" title="Rezeptor (Biochemie)">Rezeptoren</a> auf der Membran von <a href="T-Lymphozyt" title="T-Lymphozyt">T-Lymphozyten</a>, die deren <a href="Immunantwort" title="Immunantwort">Immunantwort</a> dämpfen (<a href="Antiinflammatorisch" class="mw-redirect" title="Antiinflammatorisch">antiinflammatorische</a> IC) oder steigern (proinflammatorische IC) können. Sie modulieren also die Immunreaktion, beispielsweise um körpereigene Zellen vor dem Angriff des Immunsystems zu schützen.
</p><p>Zu den Rezeptoren gehören passende <a href="Ligand" title="Ligand">Liganden</a>, die von anderen Zellen präsentiert oder freigesetzt werden. Bei vielen <a href="Tumor" title="Tumor">Tumoren</a> sind diese Proteine im Zuge einer <a href="Immunevasion" title="Immunevasion">Immunevasion</a> hochreguliert, und die Tumorzellen werden vom Immunsystem toleriert. <a href="Immuncheckpoint-Inhibitor" title="Immuncheckpoint-Inhibitor">Immuncheckpoint-Inhibitoren</a> sind Substanzen, die dauerhaft an die Checkpoints binden, sie inhibieren, und damit die Immunantwort verstärken. Sie werden im Zuge einer <a href="Krebsimmuntherapie" title="Krebsimmuntherapie">Krebsimmuntherapie</a> gegen antiinflammatorische Immuncheckpoints zur Behandlung von Tumoren eingesetzt, wodurch die <a href="Immunreaktion" class="mw-redirect" title="Immunreaktion">Immunreaktion</a> gegen den Tumor verstärkt wird.
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Antiinflammatorische_(entzündungsdämpfende)_Immuncheckpoints"><span id="Antiinflammatorische_.28entz.C3.BCndungsd.C3.A4mpfende.29_Immuncheckpoints"></span>Antiinflammatorische (entzündungsdämpfende) Immuncheckpoints</h2></div>
<p>Zu den entzündungshemmenden Immuncheckpoints zählen der <a href="Adenosinrezeptor" class="mw-redirect" title="Adenosinrezeptor">A2AR</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> B7-H3 (CD276),<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> B7-H4 (synonym VTCN1), BTLA,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="CTLA-4" title="CTLA-4">CTLA-4</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> IDO,<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> KIR, LAG3,<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="PD-1" class="mw-redirect" title="PD-1">PD-1</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> TIM-3<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> und VISTA (V-domain Ig suppressor of T cell activation).<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Proinflammatorische_(entzündungssteigernde)_Immuncheckpoints"><span id="Proinflammatorische_.28entz.C3.BCndungssteigernde.29_Immuncheckpoints"></span>Proinflammatorische (entzündungssteigernde) Immuncheckpoints</h2></div>
<p>Fünf Vertreter proinflammatorischer Immuncheckpoints entstammen der TNF-Rezeptor-Superfamilie (<a href="CD27-Antigen" title="CD27-Antigen">CD27</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="CD40" class="mw-redirect" title="CD40">CD40</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> OX40,<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> GITR<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> und CD137<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), während zwei zur B7-CD28-Superfamilie gehören (<a href="CD28" class="mw-redirect" title="CD28">CD28</a><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> und <a href="ICOS" class="mw-redirect" title="ICOS">ICOS</a><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>).
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Literatur">Literatur</h2></div>
<ul><li>P. Sharma, J. P. Allison: <i>Immune checkpoint targeting in cancer therapy: toward combination strategies with curative potential.</i> In: <i>Cell.</i> Band 161, Nummer 2, April 2015, S. 205–214, <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2015.03.030" class="extiw external" title="doi:10.1016/j.cell.2015.03.030">doi:10.1016/j.cell.2015.03.030</a>, <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25860605?dopt=Abstract">PMID 25860605</a>.</li>
<li>A. Śledzińska, L. Menger, K. Bergerhoff, K. S. Peggs, S. A. Quezada: <i>Negative immune checkpoints on T lymphocytes and their relevance to cancer immunotherapy.</i> In: <i>Molecular oncology.</i> [elektronische Veröffentlichung vor dem Druck] Oktober 2015, <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molonc.2015.10.008" class="extiw external" title="doi:10.1016/j.molonc.2015.10.008">doi:10.1016/j.molonc.2015.10.008</a>, <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26578451?dopt=Abstract">PMID 26578451</a>.</li>
<li>E. Marcq, P. Pauwels, J. P. van Meerbeeck, E. L. Smits: <i>Targeting immune checkpoints: New opportunity for mesothelioma treatment?</i> In: <i>Cancer treatment reviews.</i> Band 41, Nummer 10, Dezember 2015, S. 914–924, <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ctrv.2015.09.006" class="extiw external" title="doi:10.1016/j.ctrv.2015.09.006">doi:10.1016/j.ctrv.2015.09.006</a>, <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26433514?dopt=Abstract">PMID 26433514</a>.</li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Einzelnachweise">Einzelnachweise</h2></div>
<ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">RD Leone, YC Lo, JD Powell: <cite style="font-style:italic">A2aR antagonists: Next generation checkpoint blockade for cancer immunotherapy</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Comput Struct Biotechnol J.</cite> 13. Jahrgang, 8. April 2015, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>265–</span>, <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25941561?dopt=Abstract">PMID 25941561</a>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Immuncheckpoint&rft.atitle=A2aR+antagonists%3A+Next+generation+checkpoint+blockade+for+cancer+immunotherapy&rft.au=RD+Leone%2C+YC+Lo%2C+JD+Powell&rft.btitle=Comput+Struct+Biotechnol+J.&rft.date=2015-04-08&rft.genre=book&rft.pages=265-&rft.pmid=25941561&rft.volume=13.+Jahrgang" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">AI Chapoval, J Ni, JS Lau, RA Wilcox, DB Flies, D Liu, H Dong, GL Sica, G Zhu, K Tamada, L Chen: <cite style="font-style:italic">B7-H3: a costimulatory molecule for T cell activation and IFN-gamma production</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Nat Immunol.</cite> 2. Jahrgang, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>3</span>, 1. März 2001, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>269–74</span>, <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11224528?dopt=Abstract">PMID 11224528</a>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Immuncheckpoint&rft.atitle=B7-H3%3A+a+costimulatory+molecule+for+T+cell+activation+and+IFN-gamma+production&rft.au=AI+Chapoval%2C+J+Ni%2C+JS+Lau%2C+...&rft.date=2001-03-01&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=3&rft.jtitle=Nat+Immunol.&rft.pages=269-74&rft.pmid=11224528&rft.volume=2.+Jahrgang" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">J Leitner, C Klauser, WF Pickl, J Stöckl, O Majdic, AF Bardet, DP Kreil, C Dong, T Yamazaki, G Zlabinger, K Pfistershammer, P Steinberger: <cite style="font-style:italic">B7-H3 is a potent inhibitor of human T-cell activation: No evidence for B7-H3 and TREML2 interaction</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Eur J Immunol.</cite> 39. Jahrgang, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>7</span>, 1. Juli 2009, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>1754–64</span>, <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19544488?dopt=Abstract">PMID 19544488</a>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Immuncheckpoint&rft.atitle=B7-H3+is+a+potent+inhibitor+of+human+T-cell+activation%3A+No+evidence+for+B7-H3+and+TREML2+interaction&rft.au=J+Leitner%2C+C+Klauser%2C+WF+Pickl%2C+...&rft.date=2009-07-01&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=7&rft.jtitle=Eur+J+Immunol.&rft.pages=1754-64&rft.pmid=19544488&rft.volume=39.+Jahrgang" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">L Derré, JP Rivals, C Jandus, S Pastor, D Rimoldi, P Romero, O Michielin, D Olive, DE Speiser: <cite style="font-style:italic">BTLA mediates inhibition of human tumor-specific CD8+ T cells that can be partially reversed by vaccination</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">J Clin Invest.</cite> 120. Jahrgang, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>1</span>, 1. Januar 2010, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>157–67</span>, <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20038811?dopt=Abstract">PMID 20038811</a>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Immuncheckpoint&rft.atitle=BTLA+mediates+inhibition+of+human+tumor-specific+CD8%2B+T+cells+that+can+be+partially+reversed+by+vaccination&rft.au=L+Derr%C3%A9%2C+JP+Rivals%2C+C+Jandus%2C+...&rft.date=2010-01-01&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=1&rft.jtitle=J+Clin+Invest.&rft.pages=157-67&rft.pmid=20038811&rft.volume=120.+Jahrgang" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">P Kolar, K Knieke, JK Hegel, D Quandt, GR Burmester, H Hoff, <a href="Monika_Brunner-Weinzierl" title="Monika Brunner-Weinzierl">Brunner-Weinzierl MC</a>: <cite style="font-style:italic">CTLA-4 (CD152) controls homeostasis and suppressive capacity of regulatory T cells in mice</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Arthritis Rheum.</cite> 60. Jahrgang, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>1</span>, 1. Januar 2009, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>123–32</span>, <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19116935?dopt=Abstract">PMID 19116935</a>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Immuncheckpoint&rft.atitle=CTLA-4+%28CD152%29+controls+homeostasis+and+suppressive+capacity+of+regulatory+T+cells+in+mice&rft.au=P+Kolar%2C+K+Knieke%2C+JK+Hegel%2C+...&rft.date=2009-01-01&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=1&rft.jtitle=Arthritis+Rheum.&rft.pages=123-32&rft.pmid=19116935&rft.volume=60.+Jahrgang" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">GC Prendergast, C Smith, S Thomas, Mandik-Nayak L, Laury-Kleintop L, R Metz, AJ Muller: <cite style="font-style:italic">Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase pathways of pathogenic inflammation and immune escape in cancer</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Cancer Immunol Immunother.</cite> 63. Jahrgang, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>7</span>, 1. Juli 2014, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>721–35</span>, <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24711084?dopt=Abstract">PMID 24711084</a>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Immuncheckpoint&rft.atitle=Indoleamine+2%2C3-dioxygenase+pathways+of+pathogenic+inflammation+and+immune+escape+in+cancer&rft.au=GC+Prendergast%2C+C+Smith%2C+S+Thomas%2C+...&rft.date=2014-07-01&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=7&rft.jtitle=Cancer+Immunol+Immunother.&rft.pages=721-35&rft.pmid=24711084&rft.volume=63.+Jahrgang" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">CT Huang, CJ Workman, D Flies, X Pan, AL Marson, G Zhou, EL Hipkiss, S Ravi, J Kowalski, HI Levitsky, JD Powell, DM Pardoll, CG Drake, DA Vignali: <cite style="font-style:italic">Role of LAG-3 in regulatory T cells</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Immunity.</cite> 21. Jahrgang, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>4</span>, 1. Oktober 2004, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>:503–13</span>, <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15485628?dopt=Abstract">PMID 15485628</a>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Immuncheckpoint&rft.atitle=Role+of+LAG-3+in+regulatory+T+cells&rft.au=CT+Huang%2C+CJ+Workman%2C+D+Flies%2C+...&rft.date=2004-10-01&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=4&rft.jtitle=Immunity.&rft.pages=%3A503-13&rft.pmid=15485628&rft.volume=21.+Jahrgang" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">GK Philips, M Atkins: <cite style="font-style:italic">Therapeutic uses of anti-PD-1 and anti-PD-L1 antibodies</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Int Immunol.</cite> 27. Jahrgang, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>1</span>, 1. Januar 2015, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>39–46</span>, <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25323844?dopt=Abstract">PMID 25323844</a>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Immuncheckpoint&rft.atitle=Therapeutic+uses+of+anti-PD-1+and+anti-PD-L1+antibodies&rft.au=GK+Philips%2C+M+Atkins&rft.date=2015-01-01&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=1&rft.jtitle=Int+Immunol.&rft.pages=39-46&rft.pmid=25323844&rft.volume=27.+Jahrgang" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-9">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">WD Hastings, DE Anderson, N Kassam, K Koguchi, EA Greenfield, SC Kent, XX Zheng, TB Strom, DA Hafler, VK Kuchroo: <cite style="font-style:italic">TIM-3 is expressed on activated human CD4+ T cells and regulates Th1 and Th17 cytokines</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Eur J Immunol.</cite> 39. Jahrgang, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>9</span>, 1. September 2009, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>2492–501</span>, <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19676072?dopt=Abstract">PMID 19676072</a>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Immuncheckpoint&rft.atitle=TIM-3+is+expressed+on+activated+human+CD4%2B+T+cells+and+regulates+Th1+and+Th17+cytokines&rft.au=WD+Hastings%2C+DE+Anderson%2C+N+Kassam%2C+...&rft.date=2009-09-01&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=9&rft.jtitle=Eur+J+Immunol.&rft.pages=2492-501&rft.pmid=19676072&rft.volume=39.+Jahrgang" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-10">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">L Wang, R Rubinstein, JL Lines, A Wasiuk, C Ahonen, Y Guo, LF Lu, D Gondek, Y Wang, RA Fava, A Fiser, S Almo, RJ Noelle: <cite style="font-style:italic">VISTA, a novel mouse Ig superfamily ligand that negatively regulates T cell responses</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">J Exp Med.</cite> 208. Jahrgang, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>3</span>, 14. März 2011, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>577–92</span>, <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21383057?dopt=Abstract">PMID 21383057</a>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Immuncheckpoint&rft.atitle=VISTA%2C+a+novel+mouse+Ig+superfamily+ligand+that+negatively+regulates+T+cell+responses&rft.au=L+Wang%2C+R+Rubinstein%2C+JL+Lines%2C+...&rft.date=2011-03-14&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=3&rft.jtitle=J+Exp+Med.&rft.pages=577-92&rft.pmid=21383057&rft.volume=208.+Jahrgang" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-11">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">J Hendriks, LA Gravestein, K Tesselaar, RA van Lier, TN Schumacher, J Borst: <cite style="font-style:italic">CD27 is required for generation and long-term maintenance of T cell immunity</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Nat Immunol.</cite> 171. Jahrgang, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>5</span>, 1. November 2000, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>433–40</span>, <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11062504?dopt=Abstract">PMID 11062504</a>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Immuncheckpoint&rft.atitle=CD27+is+required+for+generation+and+long-term+maintenance+of+T+cell+immunity&rft.au=J+Hendriks%2C+LA+Gravestein%2C+K+Tesselaar%2C+...&rft.date=2000-11-01&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=5&rft.jtitle=Nat+Immunol.&rft.pages=433-40&rft.pmid=11062504&rft.volume=171.+Jahrgang" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-12">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">B O’Sullivan, R Thomas: <cite style="font-style:italic">CD40 and dendritic cell function</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Crit Rev Immunol.</cite> 23. Jahrgang, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>1</span>, 1. Januar 2003, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>83–107</span>, <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12906261?dopt=Abstract">PMID 12906261</a>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Immuncheckpoint&rft.atitle=CD40+and+dendritic+cell+function&rft.au=B+O%E2%80%99Sullivan%2C+R+Thomas&rft.date=2003-01-01&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=1&rft.jtitle=Crit+Rev+Immunol.&rft.pages=83-107&rft.pmid=12906261&rft.volume=23.+Jahrgang" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-13">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">M Croft, T So, W Duan, P Soroosh: <cite style="font-style:italic">The significance of OX40 and OX40L to T-cell biology and immune disease</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Immunol Rev.</cite> 229. Jahrgang, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>1</span>, 1. Mai 2009, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>173–191</span>, <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19426222?dopt=Abstract">PMID 19426222</a>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Immuncheckpoint&rft.atitle=The+significance+of+OX40+and+OX40L+to+T-cell+biology+and+immune+disease&rft.au=M+Croft%2C+T+So%2C+W+Duan%2C+...&rft.date=2009-05-01&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=1&rft.jtitle=Immunol+Rev.&rft.pages=173-191&rft.pmid=19426222&rft.volume=229.+Jahrgang" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-14">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">S Ronchetti, O Zollo, S Bruscoli, M Agostini, R Bianchini, G Nocentini, E Ayroldi, C Riccardi: <cite style="font-style:italic">GITR, a member of the TNF receptor superfamily, is costimulatory to mouse T lymphocyte subpopulations.</cite> In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Eur J Immunol.</cite> 34. Jahrgang, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>3</span>, 1. März 2004, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>613–22</span>, <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14991590?dopt=Abstract">PMID 14991590</a>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Immuncheckpoint&rft.atitle=GITR%2C+a+member+of+the+TNF+receptor+superfamily%2C+is+costimulatory+to+mouse+T+lymphocyte+subpopulations.&rft.au=S+Ronchetti%2C+O+Zollo%2C+S+Bruscoli%2C+...&rft.date=2004-03-01&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=3&rft.jtitle=Eur+J+Immunol.&rft.pages=613-22&rft.pmid=14991590&rft.volume=34.+Jahrgang" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-15">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">RS Mittler, J Foell, M McCausland, S Strahotin, L Niu, A Bapat, LB Hewes: <cite style="font-style:italic">Anti-CD137 antibodies in the treatment of autoimmune disease and cancer</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Immunol Res.</cite> 29. Jahrgang, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>1</span>, 1. Juni 2004, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>197–208</span>, <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15181282?dopt=Abstract">PMID 15181282</a>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Immuncheckpoint&rft.atitle=Anti-CD137+antibodies+in+the+treatment+of+autoimmune+disease+and+cancer&rft.au=RS+Mittler%2C+J+Foell%2C+M+McCausland%2C+...&rft.date=2004-06-01&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=1&rft.jtitle=Immunol+Res.&rft.pages=197-208&rft.pmid=15181282&rft.volume=29.+Jahrgang" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-16">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">D Eastwood, L Findlay, S Poole, C Bird, M Wadhwa, M Moore, C Burns, R Thorpe, R Stebbings: <cite style="font-style:italic">Monoclonal antibody TGN1412 trial failure explained by species differences in CD28 expression on CD4+ effector memory T-cells</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Br J Pharmacol.</cite> 161. Jahrgang, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>3</span>, 1. Oktober 2010, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>512–526</span>, <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20880392?dopt=Abstract">PMID 20880392</a>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Immuncheckpoint&rft.atitle=Monoclonal+antibody+TGN1412+trial+failure+explained+by+species+differences+in+CD28+expression+on+CD4%2B+effector+memory+T-cells&rft.au=D+Eastwood%2C+L+Findlay%2C+S+Poole%2C+...&rft.date=2010-10-01&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=3&rft.jtitle=Br+J+Pharmacol.&rft.pages=512-526&rft.pmid=20880392&rft.volume=161.+Jahrgang" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-17">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Y Burmeister, T Lischke, AC Dahler, HW Mages, KP Lam, AJ Coyle, RA Kroczek, A Hutloff: <cite style="font-style:italic">ICOS controls the pool size of effector-memory and regulatory T cells</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">J Immunol.</cite> 180. Jahrgang, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>2</span>, 15. Januar 2008, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>774–782</span>, <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18178815?dopt=Abstract">PMID 18178815</a>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Immuncheckpoint&rft.atitle=ICOS+controls+the+pool+size+of+effector-memory+and+regulatory+T+cells&rft.au=Y+Burmeister%2C+T+Lischke%2C+AC+Dahler%2C+...&rft.date=2008-01-15&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=2&rft.jtitle=J+Immunol.&rft.pages=774-782&rft.pmid=18178815&rft.volume=180.+Jahrgang" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
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